基于TM影像的乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度反演

首先选取预处理后乌梁素海TM影像的单波段及波段组合与实测叶绿素a浓度进行分析,发现相关性很低。然后,结合乌梁素海的水利条件和自身特点,把湖区分为两个区,发现波段组合(TM1+TM2+TM4)/TM3和TM4/TM3与叶绿素a浓度有较高的相关性。最后,选取误差较低的波段组合(TM1+TM2+TM4)/TM3建立线性模型,实时、快速地反演乌梁素海湖区叶绿素a浓度,与实地情况吻合,为乌梁素海"黄苔"预警提供理论依据。     

Combined use of eDNA metabarcoding and video surveillance for the assessment of fish biodiversity

Monitoring communities of fish is important for the management and sustainability of fisheries and marine ecosystems. Baited remote underwater video systems (BRUVs) are among the most effective nondestructive techniques for sampling bony fishes and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays, and skates). However, BRUVs sample visually conspicuous biota; hence, some taxa are undersampled or not recorded at all. We compared the diversity of fishes characterized using BRUVs with diversity detected via environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding. We sampled seawater and captured BRUVs imagery at 48 locales that included reef and seagrass beds inside and outside a marine reserve (Jurien Bay in Western Australia). Eighty-two fish genera from 13 orders were detected, and the community of fishes described using eDNA and BRUVs combined yielded >30% more generic richness than when either method was used alone. Rather than detecting a homogenous genetic signature, the eDNA assemblages mirrored the BRUVs’ spatial explicitness; differentiation of taxa between seagrass and reef was clear despite the relatively small geographical scale of the study site (∼35 km²). Taxa that were not sampled by one approach, due to limitations and biases intrinsic to the method, were often detected with the other. Therefore, using BRUVs and eDNA in concert provides a more holistic view of vertebrate marine communities across habitats. Both methods are noninvasive, which enhances their potential for widespread implementation in the surveillance of marine ecosystems.     

基于EMD-HHT可定位长输天然气管道第三方破坏事件监测技术*

为适应目前管道安全监测需要,满足对扰动信号分类监测的实际需求,提出1种基于希尔伯变换和经验模态分解（EMD-HHT）的信号特征提取技术,利用基于φ-OTDR分布式光纤传感系统采集振动信号,通过EMD+HHT区分算法对管道沿线振动事件进行分解并提取6个典型特征向量,各特征事件数据经过EMD后选取IMF3为最终提取特征向量的原始数据,BP神经元网络可有效识别机械破坏、敲击破坏、车辆经过、人工挖掘、动力干扰5种事件。研究结果表明:在长输管道信号识别中,BP神经网络对5类事件平均识别率高达98.6%,该技术分类识别5类事件扰动信号,能够达到较高准确性,并且误报率平均在1.3%,能较好满足现场安全实时监测需求。研究结果对长输油气管道附近第三方破坏扰动信号分类监测具有一定参考意义。     

基于卫星遥感的广东地区对流层二氧化碳时空变化特征

利用瓦里关全球本底站和番禺气象局地面观测的CO2浓度资料对SCIAMACHY反演得到的对流层CO2产品进行验证.结果显示:SCIAMACHY产品能较好地反映对流层CO2的分布状况,在珠三角地区反演和观测的残差为1.29×10-6,相关系数为0.69,可用于分析区域对流层CO2的时空分布特征.利用2003~2009年SCIAMACHY观测资料分析研究显示:广东地区对流层CO2柱浓度最高值出现在春季,最低值出现在夏季,浓度年均值和年增长率分别为384.84′10-6和1.53′10-6/a,大于全球和我国同期的观测结果;粤东、粤西、粤北和珠三角地区的浓度均在春、冬季显著高于夏季、秋季 ,相同季节内各区域之间的差异不显著;粤西地区CO2柱浓度的年增长率最高,为1.82′10-6/a,珠三角和粤东地区的年增长率相当,分别为1.65,1.64′10-6/a,粤北地区的年增长率最低,为1.61′10-6/a.     

多参数指示南极普里兹湾浮游植物的时空变化

以南极普里兹湾沉积物为研究对象,运用气相色谱技术,研究了生物标志物菜子甾醇、甲藻甾醇、长链烯酮对应指示的硅藻、甲藻、颗石藻等浮游植物的生产量和种群结构的历史变化,结合2001—2011年实测和遥感水体ρ(Chla)(Chla为叶绿素a)及SST(海水表层温度)数据,探讨了该湾浮游植物生产量时空变化特征及其影响因素. 结果表明:过去100多年间南极普里兹湾浮游植物总生产量(212.04~759.10 ng/g)〔以w(菜子甾醇)+w(甲藻甾醇)+w(长链烯酮)计〕和w(硅藻)所占比例(62.28%~87.13%)〔以w(菜子甾醇)所占比例计〕均呈上升趋势,而w(甲藻)所占比例(10.09%~27.98%)〔以w(甲藻甾醇)所占比例计〕和w(颗石藻)所占比例(1.97%~9.74%)〔以w(长链烯酮)所占比例计〕则呈下降趋势. 全球变暖背景下浮游植物种群变动通过改变南大洋对CO₂的吸收进而影响全球碳循环. 水体ρ(Chla)与沉积生物标志物指示的浮游植物总生产量均具有湾内高、湾外低的空间分布特征. 湾内ρ(Chla)与SST的年际变化趋势相似,二者以2002—2003年和2009—2010年相对较高,SST分别为-0.30和0.01 ℃,ρ(Chla)分别为1.69和2.31 mg/m3;以2001—2002年和2010—2011年相对较低,SST分别为-1.19和-0.95 ℃,ρ(Chla)分别为1.08和0.79 mg/m3,表明该湾SST变化可较明显地影响浮游植物的生长.      

Quantitative assessment of post‐disaster housing recovery: a case study of Punta Gorda,Florida, after Hurricane Charley

Quantitative assessment of post‐disaster housing recovery is critical to enhancing understanding of the process and improving the decisions that shape it. Nevertheless, few comprehensive empirical evaluations of post‐disaster housing recovery have been conducted, and no standard measurement methods exist. This paper presents a quantitative assessment of housing recovery in Punta Gorda, Florida, United States, following Hurricane Charley of August 2004, including an overview of the phases of housing recovery, progression of recovery over time, alternative trajectories of recovery, differential recovery, incorporation of mitigation, and effect on property sales. The assessment is grounded in a conceptual framework that considers the recovery of both people and place, and that emphasises recovery as a process, not as an endpoint. Several data sources are integrated into the assessment—including building permits, remotely sensed imagery, and property appraiser data—and their strengths and limitations are discussed with a view to developing a standardised method for measuring and monitoring housing recovery.     

Flood disaster monitoring and evaluation in China

Abstract

China frequently experiences natural disasters, of which flooding is the most serious. How to monitor and control natural disasters, assess damage, and provide relief is the most urgent problem for the Chinese government and disaster experts. A national integrated system using remote sensing, geographic information systems, the Global Positioning System, and other technology for monitoring and evaluating flood disasters has been assembled and tried out for 3 years. The system has played an important role in flood mitigation during the trial and has become a key part of the flood management system at China's National Flood Control Headquarters. This paper presents an overview of the system and its use in China.     

鄱阳湖表层水体总磷含量遥感反演及其时空特征分析

总磷是湖泊水质参数中的主要指标,从遥感数据中获得其时空上的分布信息对于理解、管理和保护湖泊生态系统是必要的。通过2009 年4 月至12 月对鄱阳湖湖区和五河入口的表层水体进行采样分析,利用直接遥感反演算法和间接遥感反演算法,结合MODIS遥感数据择优反演鄱阳湖表层水体的总磷含量,同时分析总磷含量的时空特征和变化规律。结果表明：①从实验数据分析可知,总磷TP与总悬浮物浓度相关性较好,间接反演算法能够得到较好的反演结果;②TP是鄱阳湖水质的主要污染指标之一,TP含量在丰水期、平水期、枯水期三个时期呈上升趋势;③鄱阳湖三个时期TP含量的空间变化明显,中心湖区TP含量相对整个湖区较低,主航区和五河入口TP含量为全湖最高区域,常年处于高含量状态。     

基于遥感的海域环境变化监测分析

以杭州湾海域和连云港周边海域为研究对象,基于Landsat-5、Landsat-9的多光谱和热红外数据,对研究区的海域岸线和温度场信息进行提取,分析海域岸线变迁和温度分布变化特征。结果显示,研究区的海域岸线变化均较显著;海域温度在核电站运行前较为均匀,无明显温度分异,核电站运行后,因温排水排放,核电站周边海域温度出现明显分异;Landsat-9热红外数据温度反演结果可靠,可用于监测温排水对海域环境的影响。     

Detection of polychlorinated biphenyls employing chemical dechlorination followed by biphenyl whole cell sensing system

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a mixture of 209 individual chlorinated compounds commonly known as PCB congeners. These compounds are hydrophobic and are persistent in the environment. Their use was banned in the US a few decades ago because of harmful health effects. Therefore, detection of PCBs in environmental samples is increasingly important. To that end, we have developed a two-step simple and sensitive method for the detection of total PCBs. Specifically, our method involves dechlorination of PCBs to biphenyl followed by detection of biphenyl using a whole cell sensing system as the detection system. The whole cell sensing system consists of cells of the strain Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes KF707 harboring plasmid pSD7000. Plasmid pSD7000 contains the gene of lacZ, a reporter protein under the control of the bph operon. The detection is achieved through the emission of light afforded by the expression of reporter protein triggered by the presence of biphenyl. Due to the fact that this operon is activated only by few PCB congeners, a chemical dechlorination method was employed to convert all PCBs to biphenyl, and thus all the PCBs present in a given sample are able to be detected. The results showed that PCB congeners were rapidly (30?min) and efficiently (>98.5%) dechlorinated to biphenyl using a Mg/K₂PdCl₆ catalyst, and the biphenyl could be subsequently quantified using the whole cell sensing system. This hybrid analytical method that combines classical dechlorination with novel biosensing methods may find applications in the on-site monitoring of PCBs contamination levels.